Aktivitas Antibakteri dan Respon Fitokimia Tempuyung (Sonchus oleraceus) pada Kondisi Cekaman Logam Berat Cr(VI), Cu(II), Pb(II), dan Cd(II) = Antibacterial Activity and Phytochemical Responses of Tempuyung (Sonchus oleraceus) under Cr(VI), Cu(II), Pb(II), and Cd(II) Stress Condition

Abstract

Environmental pollution is able to discompose human health, the quality of humans life, and also the natural function of ecosystem. The presence of excessive amounts of heavy metals in the environment can cause the environmental pollution and can interfere the plant growth. Plants that experienced stress, scientifically will synthesize the secondary compound of metabolites. In this research, tempuyung (Sonchus oleraceus) is being used. Nowadays, tempuyung (Sonchus oleraceus) is widely studied that mainly focused on its chemical content and its utilization as a material of medical treatment. In this research, tempuyung (Sonchusoleraceus) will be given the heavy metals stress of chromium (Cr (IV)), copper (Cu (III)), lead (Pb (II)), and cadmium (Cd (II)). The researchs purpose is to comprehend and analyze the response of tempuyung toward the exposure of heavy metals through the phytochemistry contents test and antibacterial activity as well as its correlation with the levels of total phenols, flavonoids, tannins, and anthraquinone. Phytochemical screening results of tempuyung with various treatments showed similar results that are bioactive compounds alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, and anthraquinone. Antibacterial activity with a paper disk diffusion method which is a tempuyung leaf extract showed that the exposure to heavy metals and controls that were tested had greater inhibitory toward the growth of E. coli bacterium rather than S. aureus bacterium. This proves that the antibacterial compounds in tempuyung leaf extracts are giving more effect on gram-negative bacterium. The contents of total phenols, flavonoids, and tannins are positively correlated with antibacterial activity. From all tests, the treatment of exposure to Cr(IV) shows the influence of antibacterial activity with the contents of secondary metabolites that produced are phenols, flavonoids, and tannins, which also can be interpreted that the plants experienced the highest condition of stress.